El juego como estrategia para el fortalecimiento de la motivaci?n en los estudiantes de ciencias naturales del grado 7?

70 P?ginasEl prop?sito de la presente investigaci?n se centra en aplicar estrategias que permitan el fortalecimiento de la motivaci?n escolar de los estudiantes de Ciencias Naturales del grado 7? B, de la Instituci?n Educativa Escuela Normal Superior Santa Teresita, del municipio de Sopetr?n - Antioquia; para ello, se implement? el juego como estrategia que permite el fortalecimiento de la motivaci?n en los estudiantes; de igual manera, se dise?aron, plantearon e implementaron estrategias did?cticas para promover la motivaci?n escolar; y finalmente, se utiliz? el juego para fortalecer la motivaci?n en los estudiantes del grado 7? B, del ?rea de Ciencias Naturales.ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is focused on implementing strategies to strengthen the school motivation of students of natural science 7th grade of School Escuela Normal Superior St. Therese of the municipality of Sopetr?n ? Antioquia, for it was implemented as a strategy game that allows strengthening student motivation, the same way, were designed, raised and implemented teaching strategies to promote school motivation, and finally, we used the game to increase motivation in students 7th grade science area.INTRODUCCI?N 12 1. ANTECEDENTES 14 2. FORMULACI?N DEL PROBLEMA 17 3. PROBLEMA 19 4. JUSTIFICACI?N 20 5. OBJETIVOS 21 5.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 21 5.2 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS 21 6. MARCO TE?RICO 22 6.1 ANTECEDENTES INVESTIGATIVOS AL RESPECTO DEL TEMA DE LA MOTIVACI?N 22 6.2 LA MOTIVACI?N 25 6.3 LA MOTIVACI?N EN EL CONTEXTO EDUCATIVO 26 6.4 EDUCACI?N EXPERIENCIAL 28 6.5 CONDICIONES PARA UN APRENDIZAJE EFICAZ 29 6.6 FUNDAMENTOS CONCEPTUALES 31 6.6.1 Limitaciones en la tarea (o actividad acad?mica). 31 6.6.2 Expectativas del profesor. 31 6.6.3 Expectativas de los alumnos 31 6.6.4 Evaluaci?n 32 6.6.5 Recompensas 32 7. DISE?O METODOL?GICO 34 8. AN?LISIS DE RESULTADOS 36 8.1 LUGAR DE LA PR?CTICA 36 8.2 RESULTADOS DE LA PROPUESTA PEDAG?GICA 39 8.3 RESULTADOS DEL PRE-TEST 40 8.4 RESULTADOS DEL POST-TEST 43 6 8.5 GR?FICAS COMPARATIVAS DEL PRE-TEST Y POS-TEST SOBRE EL TEMA DEL RECICLAJE48 8.6 AN?LISIS DE LA INFORMACI?N 48 9. CONCLUSIONES 50 REFERENCIAS 53 ANEXOS 5

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p < 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p < 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease